![]() However, there is still a large gap in the research of physiological and ecological effects of night illumination on animals ( Gaston & Bennie, 2014).Ī goal of this study was to understand how RWMs influence wildlife. Similar reflector materials are sometimes used to alter the behavior off animals and direct their movement away from roads to reduce wildlife-vehicle collisions ( Anke, Peter & Torsten, 2018). Although the intensity of reflected light at nighttime is low intensity but noticeable, it is still regarded as a special source of light pollution (defined as secondary light pollution). Conspicuous colors, such as red, are commonly considered to be aposematic, or natural warning signals, and are used by insects and birds to signal their undesirability to potential predators ( Stevens, 2007 Myczko et al., 2015 Iniesta, Ratton & Guerra, 2017). The materials used in RWMs are not self-luminous and directs people with conspicuous colors in the daytime and by reflection at night. How RWMs influences wildlife has been rarely considered. In addition, various types of RWMs are frequently used in agriculture, horticulture ( Layne, Jiang & Rushing, 2002), architectural engineering ( Li et al., 2008), and even in protected areas ( Reinius & Fredman, 2007 Wu, Zhang & Zou, 2007). Reflective warning markers (RWMs) have been widely used on highways, smaller roads, in urban areas ( Wolshon, Degeyter & Swargam, 2002), and other areas that are being developed due to expanding urbanization and road construction. This has become an increasingly important environmental problem ( Stoilova & Stoilov, 1998 Lyytimäki, 2013). Light pollution from road lighting systems is considered as one of the most serious environmental interferences ( Hölker et al., 2010), with 35% to 50% of light pollution being generated from the traffic lighting systems. The development of cities and roads is considered as one of the most important factors influencing the survival of wildlife, often with complex effects ( Sauvajot et al., 1998 Seto, Güneralp & Hutyra, 2012 Bennie et al., 2015) such as altering wildlife habitats, increasing habitat fragmentation, directly damaging wildlife, and indirectly affecting wildlife by changing ambient sounds, light and odors ( McLellan & Shackleton, 1988 Trombulak & Frissell, 2000 Forman & Deblinger, 2000 Coffin, 2007 Bolger et al., 2008 Summers, Cunnington & Fahrig, 2011 Arevalo & Newhard, 2011). Artificial structures are having a growing influence on biodiversity ( Pechmann et al., 1991 Soga et al., 2014).
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